Universal Health Insurance for America’s Children - Can It Happen?

It is no secret that America’s health care infrastructure leaves much to be desired.  It spends more on health care than any other country in the world, but is far from achieving the best results.  The extreme cost of care has contributed to increased rates of the un- and underinsured — climbing from 41.2 and 15.6 million in 2003 to  49.6 and 25.2 million, respectively, in 2007.

Most observers agree that the American health care system is badly broken–if it ever was intact–as evidenced by the large number of Americans without health insurance, the high and rising costs of health care, and the relatively poor health outcomes achieved for the money spent.

What might be lesser known is the degree to which lack of health coverage affects children.  In their article, Universal Health Insurance for Children, published in the Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, Hughes et al. note that despite programs designed to enhance children’s access to coverage like State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), about 8.1 million children were a part of the uninsured population in 2007.  Confusion about eligibility is often cited as a reason many children — over 80% of low income uninsured children - who are eligible for coverage do not have it.

Children’s health insurance status helps predict whether they receive needed health care and provides a critical means for identifying and addressing their health problems early in life… Children  who experience unmet health problems are more likely to miss school, to incur high costs for medical care, and to have parents miss work due to caring for an ill child.

Consequences of non-coverage of children start with compromised access to health care and turn into compromises to the American economy.

Lack of insurance coverage for children not only has an immediate impact on those whose access to care is limited, but it also has social implications in terms of potential public health threats due to untreated communicable diseases, higher health care costs for end-stage treatment, and consequences for the economy in terms of productivity and high insurance costs to businesses.

It has been well documented that providing health insurance coverage is cheaper than paying for the consequences associated with the alternative, but America has been resistant to providing universal coverage.  Providing coverage specifically for children, on the other hand, has been met with less resistance.

The social and individual benefit of extending preventive care and health insurance to children, however, is somewhat less contentious [than providing insurance to adults], largely because children are viewed more sympathetically than adults by health care leaders and the American public.

Hughes et al. argue for immediate universal coverage for children, rather than waiting for universal coverage for the country as a whole and note that it would have to occur at the federal, as opposed to state and local, levels.  They make two recommendations for achieving this goal.

One option is to create a Medicare-like federal program under which all children are automatically enrolled in a comprehensive insurance program, regardless of income. By and large, Medicare works well for seniors and is a reasonable model for children. Another option involves modifying Medicaid, SCHIP, and other categorical programs to create a uniform insurance program for low-income and undocumented children that eliminates the confusion and complexity associated with multiple programs. Both options would require sufficient minimization of paperwork and reimbursement to providers to ensure that coverage translates into genuine access to care.

Hughes et al. point out that most Americans support universal coverage, especially for children, despite the added tax burden it may cause.  This is probably a sentiment reflecting the reality of the extreme cost and gross inefficiency of the American health care system.  As children constitute a categorically vulnerable population which affords them the sympathy of the country, it makes sense to begin the road to universal health care in this country with them.  The vast majority of taxpayers are willing to foot the bill and we have an administration ripened to bring about such a change.  If ever there was the time to begin the process of providing universal health insurance to children in America, it would be now.

Baucus’ Baby Boom Buy-In

There are over 5.1 million uninsured Americans between the ages of 55 and 64.  Given the current economic climate and increasing unemployment rate, that number is sure to increase as employers lay off baby-boomers to cut the costs of providing them with benefits.

Senate Finance Committee Chair Max Baucus (D-Mont.) proposed a plan for health care reform last November that allows Americans ages 55 through 64 to buy into Medicare.  Baucus’ plan would allow members of that age group who are currently uninsured or who have lost their employment to pay a monthly premium and receive Medicare benefits.

Sunday’s Charleston Gazette examined Baucus’ plan to allow 55- to 64-year-olds to buy into Medicare.

The idea has been around for years, but it has gained new currency as the recession deepens and a Democrat-run Congress and White House begin to discuss health-care reform.

Advocates of an early Medicare buy-in say it would complement other entitlement reforms because it would keep older workers healthy and productive longer and help rein in government spending over the long haul,

said The Gazette.

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Stimulus Sparks Changes in States’ Approach to Health Care

Today, President Obama will release $15 billion in Medicaid funds to the states according to USA Today.  As further reported by the NY Times, this is only one small portion of the $127 billion states will see over the next two and a half years for health care alone.

Attached to these funds will be the addition of a new category of individuals who qualify for Medicaid.  Stimulus legislation allows “those who are receiving unemployment benefits, their spouses and child under 19,” to now be eligible for Medicaid, reports the Times.  Further, states must abandon the use of any means test when unemployed individuals apply for Medicaid.

The affect this will have on states’ approaches to health care has not gone unnoticed. Republican Governor Mark Sanford (SC) has been a vocal skeptic of such changes to the extent that State Policy Network has described Sanford as fearing that the federal government is taking “yet another step in the march towards a government takeover of health care.”

But it’s not just Republicans that are at odds concerning the plan. Democratic Governor David Paterson (NY) is meeting with state legislators this week to attempt to reach an accord on how New York’s stimulus money will be spent on health care, reports Newsday. State legislators would like to see a share of the stimulus fill recent cuts to hospitals and other health care facilities and programs, but Governor Paterson would rather further reduce those state initiatives in the state budget.

Obama to Unveil Plan for Health Care Reform

With the economic stimulus package signed, President Obama will turn his focus to “revamping the U.S. health care system,” according to Bloomberg.com. Obama is expected to outline his plan for providing affordable medical coverage to all Americans when he submits his budget to Congress on February 26.

During his campaign, Obama proposed creating a public plan to compete with private health insurers and taking steps to reduce administrative costs, such as putting health records in digital form.

Bloomberg.com reports that an administration official said the president may look to reduce payments to private Medicare Advantage plans to help pay for the changes.

Democrats estimate that $15 billion of the annual $94 billion in subsidies granted to Medicare Advantage plans are the result of “overpayments.” The private insurance companies that administer those plans counter that the money is used to pay for services not covered under Original Medicare, such as prescription drugs and vision, dental, and chiropractic care.

It follows that the president will likely make public his nomination for secretary of health and human services soon after he unveils his plans for health care reform. Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius has been touted as the front-runner for the nomination.

However, according to the AP/Kansas City Star, Governor Sebelius has not yet spoken with President Obama regarding the position. The Obama administration is reportedly using “extreme caution” in choosing the next nominee in order to avoid another embarrassing mistake.

ABC Special Highlights the Need for Education After SCHIP Expansion

ABC aired A Hidden America: Children of the Mountains last Friday with host Diane Sawyer. Children of the Mountains follows the lives of several children growing up in Central Appalachia.

The special raised several crucial issues, but I was struck by the lack of healthcare available to Appalachian children. Sawyer reported that a diet consisting of high-fat, salty foods and massive amounts of soda pop, particularly Mountain Dew, are responsible for a range of adverse childhood and adolescent health conditions.

One of the most serious health conditions addressed by Children of the Mountains is toothlessness. Sawyer explored how the consumption of large quantities of sugary sodas like Mountain Dew causes extensive cavities and tooth decay. Additionally, Appalachian children experience a lack of resources and health insurance coverage that surpasses that of many other low-income Americans.

The expansion of the State Children’s Health Insurance Program signed into law by President Obama last month requires all states to provide dental care to enrollees. While this is encouraging in light of the serious deficiencies in the availability of dental care to Appalachian children, The Kaiser Family Foundation reports that in 2004, 5.4 million uninsured children were eligible for SCHIP or Medicaid but not enrolled.

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In the Wake of Daschle’s Withdrawal, Obama Signs Bill to Expand SCHIP Coverage

President Obama signed the bill extending health coverage to millions of low-income children yesterday after it the House gave final approval, according to The New York Times. Many see this as a signal of the president’s clear intention to guarantee coverage for all Americans.

Since August 2007, the House has voted at least seven times for legislation to expand the popular State Children’s Health Insurance Program. In a recent blog we explained how Former-president George W. Bush twice vetoed similar legislation. Bush adamantly opposed the legislation on the ground that it would lead to “government-run health care for every American,” reports The Times.

Rep. Henry A. Waxman, a California Democrat said that the bill was “a down payment” and “an essential start” to the ultimate goal of health reform. Speaker Nancy Pelosi proclaimed the passage and signing of the bill as the result of the last fall’s historic presidential election, stating:

“This is the beginning of the change that the American people voted for in the last election, and that we will achieve with President Barack Obama.”

One of the major features of the bill is that it allows states to cover certain legal immigrants, who are currently barred from Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program for five years after they enter the United States.

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Unemployment, Uninsured and Medicaid Rolls Up

The New York Times reports that
“The nation lost 524,000 jobs in December…. The unemployment rate, meanwhile, jumped to a 16-year-high of 7.2 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported on Friday.”

This is up from 6.7% in November, 2008; up from 4.7% in November 2007.

Last week, in a post about prognostications for health care in 2009 (”Ringing in a New Year in Health Care, For Whom the Bell Tolls?“), we quoted the following from Jane Sarosahn Kahn in The Health Care Blog:

Keep in mind the Kaiser Family Foundation’s metric on unemployment: an increase of 1% unemployment leads to 1.1 million uninsured, and 1 million more people added to Medicaid. This was the math that worked in 2007-8. The metric will probably change in 2009 as Governors struggle to balance budgets while providing medical services, education, and safe streets to citizens. The National Governors Association, and the individual state heads, have all warned that Governors will inevitably cut services in 2009 and into 2010 if tax receipts continue to decline.
In response, we stated:

According the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in November of 2007 the unemployment rate was 4.7%. For November of 2008 it was 6.7%. Regardless of the metric, the consequent health insurance math is less than reassuring.

Regardless of its lack of reassurance, perhaps the math should be done.

Using the Kaiser metric, understated as it may be for 2008-9, the half per cent increase in unemployment in December (7.2% from 6.7% in November) is equal to:

• 550,000 more people without health insurance
• 500,000 more people on Medicaid

This is in addition to a two per cent raise in unemployment from November 2007 (4.7%) to November 2008 (6.7%).
That 2% equals:

• 2,200,000 more people without health insurance
• 2,000,000 more people on Medicaid

Total from November 2007 (4.7% unemployment) to December 2008 (7.2% unemployment) equals:

• 2,750,000 more people without health insurance
• 2,500,000 more people on Medicaid

COBRA Costs Prohibitive for Many Unemployed

The Los Angeles Times has run a noteworthy AP article regarding the often prohibitive cost of COBRA coverage. COBRA is the program which enables unemployed Americans to continue their health insurance by purchasing it through their former employers. The national unemployment rate reached 7.2% in December. As noted here just yesterday, the Kaiser Foundation has devised a “metric on unemployment: an increase of 1% unemployment leads to 1.1 million uninsured, and 1 million more people added to Medicaid.” That metric, however, is thought by some to be somewhat understated for a current analysis as it does not take into account the various state cuts to Medicaid already enacted since the metric was designed– nor does it take into account those further cuts which are anticipated for the new year.

Individuals
The L.A. Times, based upon a recently released report by Families USA, reports that “Newly unemployed Americans would have to spend an average of about 30% of their jobless benefits to pay for health insurance through their former employer.”

That number, however, seems to have been somewhat skewed by the reporting of one state, as the article goes on to say that “In all those states except South Carolina workers would have to spend more than 40% of their unemployment insurance on COBRA premiums for individual coverage.”

Families
The LA Times also reports that if individuals “want coverage for their families, the report by Families USA says, it will take more than 80% of their unemployment check.”

Investors Business Daily reports that the Families USA study found:

“The average monthly Cobra premium for family coverage, $1,069, consumes 84% of the average monthly unemployment check, which is $1,287″
and that

In nine states — Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and West Virginia — average premiums for family coverage under Cobra equal or exceed total income from unemployment insurance….

Conclusions
The Health Law Prof Blog, which quoted from a similar article in the Washington Post, reported that Ron Pollack, executive director of Families USA, stated that “COBRA health coverage is great in theory and lousy in reality,”

and that

Pollack and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said the new report highlights the need to include health insurance subsidies in the economic recovery package being crafted this month. “Without that,” Pelosi spokesman Brendan Daly said, “they [the unemployed] simply cannot afford to pay for temporary continuation of their health insurance.”

But Nina Owcharenko, a health policy analyst at the conservative Heritage Foundation, said it would be wiser to offer unemployed Americans a broad range of health insurance options, including high-deductible private policies or new state-based programs. Given how expensive COBRA is, she said, alternatives would “save the individual money and save taxpayer money.”

Ringing in a New Year in Health Care, For Whom the Bell Tolls?

Jane Sarasohn Kahn of The Health Care Blog has offered up some interesting, if not dismal, prognostications for 2009. Although issuing the caveat that “there are too many uncertainties that preclude us from doing a straight-line forecast for 2009, especially in health and health care,” she offers some insights based upon the present macroeconomic backdrop. They are worth noting, and a few may be found here below.

She asks us to take heed of the following:

Keep in mind the Kaiser Family Foundation’s metric on unemployment: an increase of 1% unemployment leads to 1.1 million uninsured, and 1 million more people added to Medicaid. This was the math that worked in 2007-8. The metric will probably change in 2009 as Governors struggle to balance budgets while providing medical services, education, and safe streets to citizens. The National Governors Association, and the individual state heads, have all warned that Governors will inevitably cut services in 2009 and into 2010 if tax receipts continue to decline.

According the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in November of 2007 the unemployment rate was 4.7%. For November of 2008 it was 6.7%. Regardless of the metric, the consequent health insurance math is less than reassuring.

As noted by Professor Frank Pasquale on this blog last week, the “Governors’ struggle” has already commenced. The Washington Post having reported that regarding Medicaid

“Already, 19 states — including Maryland and Virginia — and the District of Columbia have lowered payments to hospitals and nursing homes, eliminated coverage for some treatments, and forced some recipients out of the insurance program completely.”

As such, this line of forecast may be a bit “straighter” than others. The cuts and further prospective cuts in state funding are, as Frank Pasquale noted, “one more sad example of the procyclical nature of federalism here–states have less tax revenue during recessions, when need is greatest. No one should be surprised if more and more of the jobless uninsured, denied even basic dental care due to such cuts, fall into a “death spiral” of unemployment, disfiguring ailments, and a tendency to be underemployed due to such ailments.”

Ms. Sarosahn Kahn also makes a very important point about medical infrastructure:

“Hospitals’ credit woes will continue to constrain providers’ operations. Reports from all of the major credit rating agencies, including Standard & Poors, Fitch, Best and Moody’s, have all negatively opined about the state of hospital finance for 2009. Fitch and Moody’s downgraded the nonprofit hospital sector to negative. The American Hospital Association’s survey in November 2008 found that 1 in 2 hospitals was considering or actually postponing capital expenditures. This would include renovations, increasing capacity, and other capital programs. The cost of borrowing money has made it nigh impossible to find hospital financing for improvements.”

This too would seem to qualify for “straight line” prognostication. Hospitals are closing, layoffs have ensued, and as we and A.P. noted earlier this week, industry consultants predict “More closings and mergers are on the way.”

The A.P further noted that

Hospitals, which employ 5 million people, are reporting that donations and investment returns are down, patient visits are flat and profitable diagnostic procedures and elective surgeries are declining as people with inadequate insurance delay care. But those patients are turning up later at ERs, seriously ill…
Ms. Kahn also points out that among the ill, prescriptions are not being filled.

Manhattan Research found that 40 million Americans didn’t fill prescriptions due to cost constraints by the fourth quarter of 2008. This number could increase in 2009, leading to worsening health outcomes. In particular, scripts for mental health conditions weren’t filled as frequently as Rx’s for other types of conditions.

All in all, the equation itself would seem to not require Daniel; if left unchecked, only the particulars of the miserable sum remain unknown.

There are a few bright spots in this analysis, however, Ms. Kahn points out that

“Clinical effectiveness is becoming part of the larger analysis for spending scarce resources. There’s no better time than a recession to bring this concept into play on a mass scale.
She’s right, when times are tough, people have a tendency to want specifics when they get the bill– and to know that what they paid for worked.”

And there is this larger point,

“Policymakers and influentials have come to understand that health is integrated into the larger macroeconomy. It is a welcome sign that those who will be at the helm of the new economy on Team Obama recognize the intimate relationship between health and the American economy. Peter Orszag, just out of the Congressional Budget Office and soon to lead the Office of Management and Budget, has spoken publicly about health care costs and the GDP over the past eighteen months. His sober and smart observations give me comfort insofar as he will be playing a key role in reshaping the broken U.S. Economy.”

As we ring in the New Year and begin to contemplate the inter-relatedness of the macro-economy and commence what may well be the “fall into a ‘death spiral’ of unemployment, disfiguring ailments, and a tendency to be underemployed due to such ailments,” it might be worth a moment to consider the often sudden and unexpected nature of both job loss and catastrophic illness– and John Donne.

The bell which John Donne refers to in his most famous quote is “the passing bell,” tolled by the Church for those who are dying. As Donne lay very ill in his bed and heard this bell being tolled, he wondered if he were, in fact, sicker than he thought. And that perhaps that bell was being rung for him personally. He came to realize, however, that whether that was the case or not was largely irrelevant because

“No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friend’s or of thine own were. Any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.“

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